Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques
on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as
disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes
for some other reason. An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure,
operation, or simply surgery. In this context, the verb operating means
performing surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery; e.g.
surgical instruments or surgical nurse. The patient or subject that the surgery
is being performed on can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who
performs operations on patients. Persons described as surgeons are commonly medical
practitioners, but the term is also applied to podiatrists, dentists and veterinarians.
Surgery can last from minutes to hours, but is typically not an ongoing
or periodic type of treatment. The term surgery can also refer to the place
where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or
veterinarian.
Surgery is a medical technology consisting of a physical
intervention on tissues. As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical
when it involves cutting of a patient's tissues or closure of a previously
sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric,
such as angioplasty or endoscopy, may be considered surgery if they involve
"common" surgical procedure or settings, such as use of a sterile environment,
anesthesia, antiseptic conditions, typical surgical instruments, and suturing
or stapling. All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; so-called
"noninvasive surgery" usually refers to an excision that does not penetrate the
structure being excised (i.e. laser ablation of the cornea) or to a radiosurgical
procedure (i.e. irradiation of a tumor).
Surgical procedures are
commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, degree
of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
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